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Total war is warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, and justifies using weapons and tactics that result in significant civilian or other non-combatant casualties, whether collateral damage or not. American-English Dictionary defines "total war" as "war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded." The term can also be applied when the war effort requires significant sacrifices by most of the friendly civilian population. In the mid-19th century, scholars identified "total war" as a separate class of warfare. In a total war, to an extent inapplicable to less total conflicts, the differentiation between combatants and non-combatants diminishes and even sometimes vanishes entirely as opposing sides can consider nearly every human resource, even that of non-combatants, as nevertheless part of the war effort.〔Edward Gunn. "The Moral Dilemma of Atomic Warfare", ''Aegis: The Otterbein College Humanities Journal'', Spring 2006, (p. 67 ). NB Gunn cites this Wikipedia article as (it was on 27 September 2005 ), but on only for the text of the song "The Thing-Ummy Bob".〕 Actions that may characterize the post-19th century concept of total war include: * strategic bombing, as during: World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War (Operations Rolling Thunder and Linebacker II) * blockade and sieging of population centers, as per: the Siege of Leningrad and the Allied blockade of Germany during the First and Second World Wars. * scorched earth policy, as per: the March to the Sea during the American Civil War and the Japanese "Three Alls Policy" during the Second Sino-Japanese War. * commerce raiding, tonnage war, and unrestricted submarine warfare, as per: privateering, the German U-Boat campaigns of the First and Second World Wars, and the United States submarine campaign against Japan during World War II. * collective punishment, pacification operations, and reprisals against populations deemed hostile, as per: the execution and deportation of suspected Communards following the fall of the 1871 Paris Commune or German reprisal policy targeting resistance movements, insurgents, and Untermenschen such as in France(e.g. Maillé massacre) and Poland. * the use of civilians and prisoners of war as forced labor for military operations, as with Japan and Germany's massive use of forced laborers of other nations during World War II (see Slavery in Japan and Forced labor under German rule during World War II) * giving no quarter (i.e. take no prisoners), as with Hitler's Commando Order during World War II ==Etymology== One can trace back the phrase to the publication in 1935 of World War I memoir of German General Erich Ludendorff, ''Der Totale Krieg'' ("''The Total War''"). Some authors extend the concept back as far as classic work of Carl von Clausewitz, ''On War'', as "absoluter Krieg"; however, different authors interpret the relevant passages in diverging ways. Total war also describes the French "guerre à outrance" during the Franco-Prussian War. During the American Civil War, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman stated that to win and end the war with fewest possible casualties, he must wage "hard war" (a synonym for total war) against not only enemy combatants but also enemy civilians on the home front who engaged in arms and food production for the war effort of the Confederacy. By destroying infrastructure vital to the Confederate war effort and striking a serious blow at civilian morale, he thought that it would seriously impair the ability of the Confederacy to continue resistance and thus would turn its populace against their leadership.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Articles: The Hard Hand of War )〕 In his letter to his Chief of Staff, Union General Henry Halleck on 24 December 1864 described that the Union was "not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies," defending Sherman's March to the Sea, the operation that inflicted widespread destruction of infrastructure in Georgia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=William T. Sherman to Henry W. Halleck )〕 United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay updated the concept for the nuclear age. In 1949, he first proposed that a total war in the nuclear age would consist of delivering the entire nuclear arsenal in a single overwhelming blow, going as far as "killing a nation". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Total war」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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